Printing Perovskite Solar Modules using S2S and R2R processes

The transition of perovskite photovoltaics from the laboratory to industrial production relies on mastering scalable manufacturing techniques. While high-efficiency devices can be routinely achieved on small areas, the challenge is to reproduce these results over large substrates and continuous roll to roll processing. This masterclass will focus on the journey from sheet-to-sheet to roll-to-roll slot-die printing of perovskite solar cells and modules, with emphasis on the practical engineering issues encounterd including controlling film uniformity during coating and drying, achieving interconnection, mitigating defects that arise at larger scales, and managing environmental stability during processing. Drawing on recent examples from Swansea , I will discuss how these challenges are being addressed in practice and how they influence device behaviour.