3D Host Structures for Stable Lithium-Metal Anodes

Lithium metal anodes offer an exceptionally high theoretical capacity of 3860 mAh g⁻¹ and the lowest negative electrochemical potential among known anode materials, making them a promising candidate for next-generation batteries. However, their practical application is hindered by critical safety challenges, including dendritic growth that can induce short-circuits, and thermal hazards arising from the high reactivity of lithium, especially in porous structures. Various approaches have been explored to mitigate these issues—such as solid and semi-solid electrolytes, tailored electrolyte formulations and additives, conformal surface coatings, and engineered current collectors—but many face limitations under lean-electrolyte and low-stack-pressure conditions. Recently, 3D host structures have emerged as a compelling strategy to confine lithium deposition and regulate Li-ion flux, enabling compact, non-porous lithium growth and improved cycling stability. This presentation will discuss the fundamental principles of lithium-metal anodes, review recent advances in host-structure design, and outline pathways toward integrating such architectures into practical cell configurations.