Smart sensing technology to help farmers use fertilizer more effectively and reduce environmental damage has been created by Imperial bioengineers. The technology, which is described in Nature Food, could help growers work out the best time to use fertilizer on their crops and how much is needed, considering factors like the weather and soil condition. This would reduce the expensive and environmentally damaging effects of overfertilizing soil, which releases the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide and can pollute soil and waterways. Overfertilisation has so far rendered 12 percent of once-arable land worldwide unusable and the use of nitrogen-based fertilizer has risen by 600 percent in the last 50 years. However, it is difficult for crop growers to precisely tailor their own fertilizer use: too much and they risk environmental damage and money wastage; too little and they risk poor crop yields. The researchers behind this new sensing technology say it could provide benefits for both the environment and growers. The sensor, named chemically functionalized paper-based electrical gas sensor (chemPEGS), measures levels of ammonium in soil – the compound that is converted to nitrites and nitrates by soil bacteria. Using a type of AI called machine learning, it combines this with weather data, time since fertilization, pH, and soil conductivity measurements. It uses these data to predict how much total nitrogen the soil has now and how much it will have up to 12 days in the future, to predict the optimum time for fertilization. The study identifies how this new low-cost solution could help growers yield maximum crops with minimal fertilisation, particularly for fertilizer-thirstyfertilization crops like wheat. The technology could simultaneously reduce growers’ expenses and environmental harm from nitrogen-based fertilizers – the most widely used fertilizer type. Lead researcher Dr. Max Grell, who co-developed the technology at Imperial College London’s Department of Bioengineering, said: “It’s difficult to overstate the problem of overfertilization both environmentally and economically. Yields and resulting income are down year by year, and growers don’t currently have the tools they need to combat this. “Our technology could help to tackle this problem by empowering growers to know how much ammonia and nitrate are currently in soil and to predict how much there will be in the future based on weather conditions. This could let them fine-tune fertilization to the specific needs of the soil and crops.” The researchers expect chemPEGS and associated AI technology, which are currently in the prototype stage, to be available for commercialization in three to five years with more testing and manufacturing standardization. For more information, visit: https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/232638/low-cost-intelligent-soil-sensors-could-help/

and Stable Organic Photovoltaics Speaker: Reed Eisenhart | Company: Phillips 66 | Date: 11-12 May 2021 | Full Presentation Join TechBlick on an annual pass to join all live online conference or online version of onsite conference access library of on-demand talks (600 talks + PDFs) portfolio of expert led masterclass year-round platform https://www.techblick.com/ And do NOT miss our flagship event in Berlin on 17-18 OCT 2023 focused on Reshaping the Future of Electronics. This event attracts 550-600 participants from all the world and offers a superb ambience and dynamic exhibition floor. To learn more visit https://www.techblick.com/electronicsreshaped To see feedback about previous event see https://www.techblick.com/events-agenda

Speaker: Vinicius Zanchin | Company: Ntrium | Date: 11-12 May 2021 | Full Presentation Join TechBlick on an annual pass to join all live online conference or online version of onsite conference access library of on-demand talks (600 talks + PDFs) portfolio of expert led masterclass year-round platform https://www.techblick.com/ And do NOT miss our flagship event in Berlin on 17-18 OCT 2023 focused on Reshaping the Future of Electronics. This event attracts 550-600 participants from all the world and offers a superb ambience and dynamic exhibition floor. To learn more visit https://www.techblick.com/electronicsreshaped To see feedback about previous event see https://www.techblick.com/events-agenda

This portable stress monitor, SKINTRONICS, is a comfortable, wearable device that utilizes fully stretchable, wireless skin-conformal bioelectronics, designed to provide precise readings of heart rate and sweat gland activity via galvanic skin response. Georgia Tech’s thin, conductive film and flexible layered electrodes with nanomembrane sensors create an impressive device that weighs less than 7 g, including its rechargeable battery. Other galvanic skin response wearable monitors may weigh (in volume) six times more than this technology or greater. Where other devices lack the ability to maintain adequate contact without pressure from a band or strap, this adaptable stress monitor can be applied directly to the skin and fits snugly to the natural curvature of the body at the wrist or shoulder. The bioelectric wearable device is designed for greater comfort—it is soft, thin, and less than 5 mm thick. The durability and performance of the portable stress monitor have been tested to confirm that it can endure the daily wear of its users. The quality of the data output of the high-sensitivity nanomembranes in this novel device was also tested and measured to be comparable, if not superior when concurrently compared to two commercially available devices. Georgia Tech’s portable stress monitor is designed to provide more accurate ongoing measurements and delivers an improved wearable design so that cardiac patients, infants in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), or even athletes may receive improved health monitoring with greater comfort. Benefits/Advantages All-in-one: The personal adhesive bandage-like single device platform offers wireless, multi-data sensing by simply mounting it on the skin. Disposable: This wearable device is fully disposable after use and the measured data can be simply sent to the cloud via a tablet or smartphone app. Compact: The unique, thin design of this bioelectric device is one-sixth the volume of current market offerings—weighing less than 7 g, including its rechargeable battery. Greater comfort: The pattern of the biosensor’s electrodes is constructed to allow more than 50% stretchability and 30% areal coverage to the skin without the need for a constricting band or strap. Durable: The device has been successfully tested for the flexibility and stability of its components with 1,000 cyclic stretching experiments to mimic daily use on the skin. Potential Commercial Applications Stress monitoring for cardiac patients Neo-natal monitoring in PICU Pediatric patient health monitoring Baseline metrics and ongoing monitoring of athletes Corporate and public employee wellness programs Background and More Information Stress monitors have evolved significantly from the originally wired electrodes—with limited placement near the palm/fingertips—to the wearable health monitors that multi-task as a pedometer, watch, and extension of the user’s cell phone. Though miniaturization of bioelectronics has improved the technology, the current market of monitors has been unable to break away from the combined plastic and metal frames that require a tight fit with a strap or band to conform to the body’s natural curvature at the wrist or ankle. Research shows that Georgia Tech’s wearable stress monitor brings greater comfort and flexibility without a constricting strap or band while providing accurate data about skin conductance changes, which is a quantifiable measurement of stress. For more information, visit: https://licensing.research.gatech.edu/technology/skin-conformal-wearable-stress-monitor-delivers-greater-precision-and-continuous-wireless

Silicon dominates the solar power landscape, but it isn’t the best material for making thin, lightweight solar cells needed for satellites and drones. Atomically thin semiconducting materials such as tungsten diselenide and molybdenum disulfide, which are already being considered for next-generation electronics, hold promise for low-cost ultrathin solar cells that can also be flexible. And now, engineers have made tungsten diselenide solar cells that boast a power-per-weight ratio on par with established thin-film solar cell technologies. The flexible solar cells reported in the journal Nature Communications have a light-to-electricity conversion efficiency of 5.1 percent, the highest reported for flexible cells of this kind. Their specific power, meanwhile, is 4.4 W/g, comparable with thin-film solar cells—such as those made of cadmium telluride, copper indium gallium selenide, amorphous silicon, and III-V semiconductors. With further engineering to reduce the substrate thickness and increase efficiency, the technology has the potential to get to 46 W/g, “way beyond what has been shown for other photovoltaic technologies,” says Koosha Nassiri Nazif, an electrical engineer at Stanford University who led the work with his colleague Alwin Daus. It’s a thousand times thinner than silicon but with the same amount of absorption as a standard silicon wafer. Silicon’s efficiency is hard to beat for the cost, and silicon solar panel costs have been dropping every year. But “silicon is pretty suboptimal for emerging applications,” Nassiri Nazif says. Such applications include wearable and conformable electronics, smart windows and other architectural uses, unmanned aerial vehicles, and electric vehicles. “Another important application is the Internet of Things,” he says, “where you can extend the battery life or completely remove the need for batteries to power small sensors and devices.” High specific power is critical for those uses, he says. Today’s thin-film technologies and newer perovskite solar cells all have higher specific power than silicon, with perovskites holding the record at 29 W/g. But tungsten diselenide and molybdenum disulfide, which belong to a class of materials known as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD), have advantages over other materials. They are more lightweight than the thin-film CdTe or CIGS cells used in aerospace now. They’re also more stable than perovskites and organic photovoltaic materials—and are more environmentally friendly than lead-containing perovskites. Furthermore, TMD materials boast some of the highest light absorption capabilities of any photovoltaic material. “So you can have an ultrathin layer a thousand times thinner than silicon and still have the same amount of absorption with proper optical design,” Nassiri Nazif says. Yet, the best TMD solar cells so far have had efficiencies of less than 3%, and less than 0.7% when made on a lightweight, flexible substrate. The materials’ theoretical efficiency, however, is 27%. Daus says they are simply newer on the scene and need more heavy engineering to improve efficiency. All photovoltaic materials face charge-extraction challenges. That is, once the material absorbs a photon and produces electrons and holes, those charge carriers have to be quickly extracted before they can recombine. The trick is to find the right contact material to shuttle the charge carriers from the semiconductor to the electrodes. The researchers chose a transparent graphene sheet for that. Then they coated it with a molybdenum oxide layer, which is also transparent and enhances graphene’s ability to extract charge carriers, Daus explains. Another key advance that lets them make high-quality flexible solar cells is the transfer method they have developed, he adds. The first deposit tungsten diselenide flakes on a silicon substrate, deposit gold electrodes on it and then coat it with a thin flexible plastic substrate. Then they put the whole ensemble in a water bath to gently peel off the flexible structure from the silicon. Finally, they flip the structure over so the tungsten diselenide is on top and coat it with graphene and molybdenum oxide. The whole device, in the end, is only 350 nm thick. The solar cells are tiny at this point, Nassiri Nazif points out, about 100 x 100 µm. “To get to the point where it can be commercialized, we need at least 1 x 1 cm devices,” he says. “The good news is that large-area, high-quality TMD growth has already been shown.” But most efforts have focused on making monolayer TMD materials for electronics, says Daus, whereas for solar cells you need thicker 100–200 nm films. The Stanford team has already started making 2 x 2 cm films of TMDs, but so far the thicker films haven't reached the same high quality as the smaller flakes they used in the paper They hope that this work inspires more research in the area of TMD solar cells. “Our goal is to build a foundation for TMD photovoltaic applications,” Nassiri Nazif says. “These materials have a fundamental advantage over other technologies. If we solve the engineering issues, it could be the material of choice for next-generation photovoltaic technology.” For more information, visit: https://spectrum.ieee.org/ultrathin-solar-cells

In the ongoing race to develop ever-better materials and configurations for solar cells, there are many variables that can be adjusted to try to improve performance, including material type, thickness, and geometric arrangement. Developing new solar cells has generally been a tedious process of making small changes to one of these parameters at a time. While computational simulators have made it possible to evaluate such changes without having to actually build each new variation for testing, the process remains slow. Now, researchers at MIT and Google Brain have developed a system that makes it possible not just to evaluate one proposed design at a time, but to provide information about which changes will provide the desired improvements. This could greatly increase the rate for the discovery of new, improved configurations. The new system, called a differentiable solar cell simulator, is described in a paper published today in the journal Computer Physics Communications, written by MIT junior Sean Mann, research scientist Giuseppe Romano of MIT’s Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, and four others at MIT and at Google Brain. Traditional solar cell simulators, Romano explains, take the details of a solar cell configuration and produce as their output a predicted efficiency — that is, what percentage of the energy of incoming sunlight actually gets converted to an electric current. But this new simulator both predicts the efficiency and shows how much that output is affected by any one of the input parameters. “It tells you directly what happens to the efficiency if we make this layer a little bit thicker, or what happens to the efficiency if we for example change the property of the material,” he says. In short, he says, “we didn’t discover a new device, but we developed a tool that will enable others to discover more quickly other higher performance devices.” Using this system, “we are decreasing the number of times that we need to run a simulator to give quicker access to a wider space of optimized structures.” In addition, he says, “our tool can identify a unique set of material parameters that have been hidden so far because it’s very complex to run those simulations.” While traditional approaches use essentially a random search of possible variations, Mann says, with his tool “we can follow a trajectory of change because the simulator tells you what direction you want to be changing your device. That makes the process much faster because instead of exploring the entire space of opportunities, you can just follow a single path” that leads directly to improved performance. Since advanced solar cells often are composed of multiple layers interlaced with conductive materials to carry electric charge from one to the other, this computational tool reveals how changing the relative thicknesses of these different layers will affect the device’s output. “This is very important because the thickness is critical. There is a strong interplay between light propagation and the thickness of each layer and the absorption of each layer,” Mann explains. Other variables that can be evaluated include the amount of doping (the introduction of atoms of another element) that each layer receives, or the dielectric constant of insulating layers, or the bandgap, a measure of the energy levels of photons of light that can be captured by different materials used in the layers. This simulator is now available as an open-source tool that can be used immediately to help guide research in this field, Romano says. “It is ready, and can be taken up by industry experts.” To make use of it, researchers would couple this device’s computations with an optimization algorithm, or even a machine learning system, to rapidly assess a wide variety of possible changes and home in quickly on the most promising alternatives. At this point, the simulator is based on just a one-dimensional version of the solar cell, so the next step will be to expand its capabilities to include two- and three-dimensional configurations. But even this 1D version “can cover the majority of cells that are currently under production,” Romano says. Certain variations, such as so-called tandem cells using different materials, cannot yet be simulated directly by this tool, but “there are ways to approximate a tandem solar cell by simulating each of the individual cells,” Mann says. The simulator is “end-to-end,” Romano says, meaning it computes the sensitivity of the efficiency, also taking into account light absorption. He adds: “An appealing future direction is composing our simulator with advanced existing differentiable light-propagation simulators, to achieve enhanced accuracy.” Moving forward, Romano says, because this is an open-source code, “that means that once it’s up there, the community can contribute to it. And that’s why we are really excited.” Although this research group is “just a handful of people,” he says, now anyone working in the field can make their own enhancements and improvements to the code and introduce new capabilities. “Differentiable physics is going to provide new capabilities for the simulations of engineered systems,” says Venkat Viswanathan, an associate professor of mechanical engineering at Carnegie Mellon University, who was not associated with this work. “The differentiable solar cell simulator is an incredible example of differentiable physics, that can now provide new capabilities to optimize solar cell device performance,” he says, calling the study “an exciting step forward.” For more information, visit: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0010465521003441?via%3Dihub#preview-section-recommended-articles https://scitechdaily.com/mit-and-google-brain-create-tool-to-speed-development-of-new-solar-cells/

Speaker: Rahul Raut | Company: Alpha Assembly | Date: 11-12 May 2021 | Full Presentation Join TechBlick on an annual pass to join all live online conference or online version of onsite conference access library of on-demand talks (600 talks + PDFs) portfolio of expert led masterclass year-round platform https://www.techblick.com/ And do NOT miss our flagship event in Berlin on 17-18 OCT 2023 focused on Reshaping the Future of Electronics. This event attracts 550-600 participants from all the world and offers a superb ambience and dynamic exhibition floor. To learn more visit https://www.techblick.com/electronicsreshaped To see feedback about previous event see https://www.techblick.com/events-agenda

An international research group led by Jaana Vapaavuori of Aalto University in Finland has produced an extensive review of the opportunities of plant biomass, or lignocellulose, for optical applications, replacing less environmentally friendly but commonly used materials such as sand and plastics. As reported in Advanced Materials [Kaschuk et al. Adv. Mater. (2021) DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104473], the group showed how to produce solar cells and glass from biowaste as a viable substitute for unrenewable resources. The team summarized what is needed for producing and applying plant-based optically functional materials in new smart material applications. As Vapaavuori said, “We wanted to map out as comprehensively as possible how lignocellulose could replace the unrenewable resources found in widely used technology, like smart devices or solar cells”. Lignocellulose, which is composed of carbohydrate polymers such as cellulose and hemicellulose, and the aromatic polymer lignin, is present in nearly every plant. When such biomass is broken down into extremely small parts and then put back together, it can be used to develop totally new biocomposite materials such as particle panels and wood/plastic composites for construction. However, its characteristics such as transparency, reflectiveness, UV-light filtering, and structural colors mean the material can also be used in optical applications, as investigated in this study. The use of combinations of its properties could lead to the development of light-reactive surfaces for windows or materials that react to chemicals or steam, and perhaps even UV protectors that can soak up radiation, thus providing a sunblock to surfaces. This is helped by an ability to add functionalities and customize lignocellulose, such as replacing glass in solar cells to improve their efficiency and light absorption. The strategies for isolating the key building blocks of the material are examined in the review, along with the effects of fibrillation, fibril alignment, densification, self-assembly, surface-patterning, and compositing in terms of their role in engineering optical performance. Also highlighted is the extent of unused lignocellulose produced by industry and agriculture every year, estimated to be over a billion tons of biomass waste. The review pinpoints that to scale up such lignocellulose for commercial use would need new uses for bio-based waste from both research and government regulation to help push demand for renewable alternatives for optical applications. Although such scaling up has been seen as overly expensive, it is becoming more realistic with reductions in energy consumption and cost of production. However, another challenge, that of water use in its processing, remains problematic. For more information, visit: https://www.materialstoday.com/optical-materials/news/how-biowaste-can-be-used-in-optical-applications/

Because of their high strength and lightweight, carbon-fiber-based composite materials are gradually replacing metals for advancing all kinds of products and applications, from airplanes to wind turbines to golf clubs. But there's a trade-off. Once damaged or compromised, the most commonly-used carbon fiber materials are nearly impossible to repair or recycle. In a paper published in the journal Carbon, a team of researchers describes a new type of carbon fiber reinforced material that is as strong and light as traditionally used materials but can be repeatedly healed with heat, reversing any fatigue damage. This also provides a way to break it down and recycle it when it reaches the end of its life. "Developing fatigue-resistant composites is a major need in the manufacturing community," said co-lead author Aniruddh Vashisth, University of Washington assistant professor of mechanical engineering. "In this paper, we demonstrate a material where either traditional heat sources or radio frequency heating can be used to reverse and postpone its aging process indefinitely." The material is part of a recently developed group known as carbon fiber reinforced vitrimer, named after the Latin word for glass, that shows a mix of solid and fluid properties. The materials typically used today, whether in sporting goods or aerospace, are carbon fiber reinforced polymers. Traditional carbon fiber reinforced polymers typically fall into two categories: thermoset or thermoplastic. The "set" variety contains an epoxy, a glue-like material where the chemical links holding it together harden permanently. The "plastic" version contains a softer type of glue so it can be melted back down and reworked, but this becomes a drawback for high strength and stiffness. Vitrimers on the other hand can link, unlink and relink, providing a middle ground between the two. agine each of these materials is a room full of people," Vashisth said. "In the thermoset room, all of the people are holding hands and won't let go. In the thermoplastic room, people are shaking hands and moving all around. In the vitrimer room, people shake hands with their neighbors but they have the capacity to exchange handshakes and make new neighbors so that the total number of interconnections remains the same. That reconnection is how the material gets repaired and this paper was the first to use atomic-scale simulations to understand the underlying mechanisms for those chemical handshakes." The research team believes vitrimers could be a viable alternative for many products currently manufactured from thermosets, something badly needed because thermoset composites have begun piling up in landfills. The team says that healable vitrimers would be a major shift toward a dynamic material with a different set of considerations in terms of life-cycle cost, reliability, safety, and maintenance. "These materials can translate the linear life cycle of plastics to a circular one, which would be a great step toward sustainability," said co-senior author Nikhil Koratkar, professor of mechanical, aerospace, and nuclear engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. For more information, visit: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/11/211104115358.htm https://www.me.washington.edu/news/article/2021-11-03/healable-carbon-fiber-composite https://www.materialstoday.com/composites/news/novel-carbon-fiber-composite-heal-heated/

The demand for the Internet of Things (IoT) is on the rise throughout society. Now, Ricoh’s flexible energy harvesting device efficiently generates power indoors or in shaded areas as a stand-alone power source for the constant operation of a variety of sensors. In September, Ricoh will start sample shipments of these devices. The flexible energy harvesting device, sized 41mm by 47mm, uses a unique power generation organic photovoltaic (OPV) material developed jointly in 2013 in an industry-academia collaboration with Kyushu University. The result is efficient power generation in a low-light environment, such as indoors (approximately 200 lx), and medium-light such as shaded outdoor areas (approximately 10,000 lx). In addition, the thin, lightweight, and bendable film can be mounted on IoT devices of various shapes. These devices can be used as stand-alone power sources for mobile and portable wearable terminals, beacons, and is ideal for social infrastructure monitoring devices, such as ones installed in tunnels and under bridges. This will make it unnecessary to replace batteries in a wide variety of small consumer electronic devices, which is expected to improve convenience and contribute to the Sustainable Development Goal “Affordable and Clean Energy”. Since the release of solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) for indoor use in 2020, Ricoh aims to expand its product lineup as soon as possible by providing samples to IoT device manufacturers, service providers, and trading companies as the next environmental power generation device. Kyushu University and Ricoh will continue to collaborate on research and development to achieve even higher output and durability. For more information,visit : https://www.kyushu-u.ac.jp/en/notices/view/292

Science is now one step closer to bringing the glow-in-the-dark effect often used in signs and watches to a wider variety of applications without the need for rare metals. Applying a new strategy for combining carbon-based organic molecules, researchers at Kyushu University and the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST), both in Japan, have dramatically improved the length and strength of the glow produced by the versatile materials. As reported in a paper in Nature Materials, these novel organic materials have the potential to be more easily formed into paints and fibers than their rare-metal-containing counterparts. The new work builds off the same research group’s discovery in 2017 of the world’s first organic system for producing the glow-in-the-dark effect at room temperature by melting together two metal-free molecules. Formally known as persistent luminescence, the glow-in-the-dark phenomenon is also often referred to as phosphorescence, though this term is also applied to another emission mechanism commonly found in organic materials. While commercial glow-in-the-dark materials based on inorganic compounds containing rare-earth metals already achieve excellent performance, their inorganic nature often limits how they can be processed. “Organic materials are more readily available than rare-metal-containing inorganic materials, and their solubility makes them easier to process,” explains Chihaya Adachi, professor and leader of the research at Kyushu University. “In addition to new applications for light-storing materials such as inks, films, and fibers, we expect organics to also enable bio-imaging applications in the future.” However, the length and strength of the emission from the organic material they developed in 2017 were only about one-hundredth that of inorganic materials, and the glow was quickly extinguished in the presence of oxygen. “By changing our design strategy, we have now succeeded in improving the performance of organic persistent luminescence by about 10 times over our previous report,” says Ryota Kabe, assistant professor and leader of the research at OIST. At the heart of the emission, the mechanism is the excitation of a negatively charged electron into a state of higher energy by the absorption of light. Transfer of a lower-energy electron from a nearby donor molecule to fill the 'hole' left behind by the excited electron leads to one molecule having one electron more than normal and the other one less – a situation known as a charge-transfer state. Emission occurs when the excited electrons return to molecules missing an electron and give off their extra energy as light. So the key to achieving a long-lasting glow is to get the charges to separate by hopping between molecules, which slows down their eventual return. In this study, the researchers chose a material combination in which it is effectively the holes — the voids left by excited electrons –that hop between molecules, rather than electrons. Holes are generally more stable and less reactive with oxygen, so the light emission from the material was much longer in the air than was the case with their previous materials, where the excited electrons were mobile. By employing an absorbing material that could be excited with lower-energy light, the materials could not only be energized with ultraviolet light but also with green and even orange light. Additionally, the researchers were able to further stabilize the energy storage state by adding a third organic material that essentially traps the holes, delaying their return and extending the emission duration. “We have now succeeded in achieving a longer duration and emission under atmospheric conditions,” comments Kabe. “While performance is still below that of inorganic materials, we hope to achieve performance that exceeds that of inorganics with further research.” The researchers also hope that the organic materials developed in this research will help to expand and diversify sustainable industries without the need for rare metals. “Time and time again, we are finding that precise control of organic charge-transfer materials enables the expression of a variety of emission properties, not only for glow-in-the-dark applications but also organic LEDs and lasers. I look forward to the new possibilities that a further deepening of the science will bring in the future,” says Adachi. For more information, visit: https://www.kyushu-u.ac.jp/en/researches/view/222 https://www.materialstoday.com/optical-materials/news/new-organic-material-glows-in-the-dark/

Speaker: Mike Mastropietro | Company: ACI Materials | Date: 11-12 May 2021 | Full Presentation ACI will introduce to the world its Alchemy Conductive Inks. These high-performance printable conductors allow PTF ink like ease of use and processing with fired/sintered thick film electrical performance. The talk will describe some of the overall benefits of using these materials in manufacture of flexible and 3D printed electronics including: low volume resistivity and sheet resistance higher current carrying capacity lower cost per ohm square in use superior crease ability of narrow traces formulation latitude from viscous paste to sprayable Several examples will be presented including 3D circuit structures high resolution traces high power density busbars reflow solder ability Join TechBlick on an annual pass to join all live online conference or online version of onsite conference access library of on-demand talks (600 talks + PDFs) portfolio of expert led masterclass year-round platform https://www.techblick.com/ And do NOT miss our flagship event in Berlin on 17-18 OCT 2023 focused on Reshaping the Future of Electronics. This event attracts 550-600 participants from all the world and offers a superb ambience and dynamic exhibition floor. To learn more visit https://www.techblick.com/electronicsreshaped To see feedback about previous event see https://www.techblick.com/events-agenda